Hi Rob! I happened to have an activity with a similar exploration of transformations between coordinate systems, so I made a few panels that change that to a polar transformation.
I think that the third panel of the activity most closely replicates the GeoGebra activity (albeit without the fancy lines to the x-axis, which could be added into the Desmos graphing calculator).
Hope this helps!
(credit to the conversation at Show student graph only after they click Try It! - #9 by H_Kiamil for getting that third panel working where the students can enter custom equations!)